This paper develops and tests two efficiency wage models of corruption in the civil service. Under fair wage models …, civil service wages are an important determinant of corruption. Under shirking models, the level of wages is of secondary … importance, as potential bribes dwarf wage income. The empirical evidence points to a negative relationship between corruption …

better credit ratings, better fiscal discipline, and less corruption, after controlling for other socioeconomic variables …

Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending. This paper tests empirically whether such … the period 1985–98. The association between military spending and corruption is ascertained by using panel regression … techniques. The results suggest that corruption is indeed associated with higher military spending as a share of both GDP and …

We examine the effects of oil rents on corruption and state stability exploiting the exogenous within-country variation … increase in oil rents significantly increases corruption, significantly deteriorates political rights while at the same time … redistribution and conflict. We support our argument documenting that there is a significant effect of oil rents on corruption in …

The paper assesses the degree of banking competition and efficiency in Italy?over time as well as compared to that in … to be an important consideration, both in enforcing Italy''s antitrust laws and in ensuring that the procedures for …

exchange rate expectations and on interest rates on publicly held government debt. In Italy, the high stock of such debt in …

of public debt management theories. It discusses the experience of Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and …

This paper draws some lessons about policies toward the current account from Italy’s balance of payments history … also have failed to avert Italy’s balance of payments crises. These arose in the context of widening current deficits due …