-level trade flows with firm-specific instrumental variables based on world demand and supply shocks. Both export and offshoring … shocks have a positive effect on wages. Exports increase wages for all occupational categories while offshoring has … elasticity of wages with respect to exports and offshoring is higher than in firms with no collective bargaining. Wage gains …

Our study examines the empirical link between the naturalization of immigrants and their subsequent employment status … particularly true for groups of immigrants who have a low probability of employment in the host country. …