There are two contrasting views of pre-19th century trade and globalization. First there are the world history scholars … important events in recorded history. Second, there is the view that the world economy was still fragmented before the 19th …

) on France. Taking a political-economy perspective, we attempt to detect potential demand for protection at the sectoral … closes by drawing a comparison with France's adjustment to the EU's 1986 Southern enlargement (to Spain and Portugal …