When the 1987 general elections brought a durable government to Portugal, the national environment was still …

, economies of scale, and have been heavily protected from international competition in Portugal and Spain. The `costs of non …

economic agents, competition policies are usually included in the legal framework that regulates economic activities. Portugal …

detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. We use exchange-rate movements as a source of variation in export …

two "integration episodes", the development of an economic union between Portugal and its African colonies and the … establishment of democratic socialism since then. The paper contrasts the recent economic experience of Portugal with its neighbour … Spain. The view that EC membership is desirable because it ensures Portugal against dictatorship is also examined and …

technology (like R&D). Technologies can account for up to a quarter of the growth in demand for the college educated in the …

differences, unobserved region-industry factor quality differences and variation in production technology across industries. We … findings, including multiple cones of diversification, region-industry technology differences, agglomeration, and increasing …

relationship between technology intensity and vertical integration from a simple incomplete contracts model. Then, we investigate … find that the technology intensities of downstream (producer) and upstream (supplier) industries have opposite effects on … measures of technology intensity, with alternative estimation strategies, and with or without controlling for a number of firm …

computerization instead of R&D as a measure of technology; (iv) in the Anglo-Saxon countries a maximum of one-third of the aggregate …