entropy, in the usual discrete sense, of the endogenous variable. The approach is illustrated with two applications: a general …

futures contracts. Their hedging demand is met by financial intermediaries who act as speculators, but are constrained in risk …-taking. Increases (decreases) in producers’ hedging demand (the risk-bearing capacity of speculators) increase the costs of hedging … 1980-2006, we show that producers’ hedging demand - proxied by their default risk - forecasts spot prices, futures prices …

stochastic. It then uses the results to explain the dynamics of hedging. Bankruptcy rules are important determinants of corporate … produce the same prices, they can have very different hedging implications. We show that empirical results on the relation …

will allocate cash flows into cash holdings if their hedging needs are high (i.e., if the correlation between operating … if their hedging needs are low. The empirical examination of debt and cash policies of a large sample of firms reveals … hedging needs have a strong propensity to save cash out of cash flows while leaving their debt positions unchanged. In …

Exchange risk hedging in a static (i.e. one-period) setting is extremely straightforward. The variance-minimizing hedge …

and implement tests of hedging that use the information contained in the actual portfolio of the investor. We use a unique …. We show that investors do not engage in hedging, but invest in stocks closely related to their non-financial income. We …