and applications include political groups, ethnicities, agents motivated by the work in the public sector and corruption … that patronage may be strictly positive in both of them. We also apply the second setting to the case of corruption. …

parametric estimates may have seriously underestimated the growth effects of democracy. In particular, we find an average … negative effect on growth of leaving democracy on the order of -2 percentage points implying effects on income per capita as …

capita income causes the creation and the consolidation of democracy. We argue that existing studies find support for this … affect both the level of income per capita and the likelihood of democracy in a country, and failing to control for these … factors may introduce a spurious relationship between income and democracy. We show that controlling for these historical …

causes democracy. Existing studies establish a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy, but do not … country fixed effects removes the statistical association between income per capita and various measures of democracy. We also … on democracy. Furthermore, we reconcile the positive cross-country correlation between income and democracy with the …

Government corruption is more prevalent in poor countries than in rich countries. This paper uses cross …-industry heterogeneity in growth rates within Vietnam to test empirically whether growth leads to lower corruption. We find that it does. We … results suggest that as poor countries grow, corruption could subside …

Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of economic growth? This paper uses meta-analysis techniques to … corruption on growth from 41 empirical studies. We find that the main factors explaining the variation in these estimates are … whether the model accounts for institutions and trade openness (both are found to deflate the negative effect of corruption …

How can a non-democratic ruler provide proper incentives for state bureaucracy? In the absence of competitive elections …