foreigners. We use a bank-level panel data set spanning all British and foreign banks providing loans within the United Kingdom …," domestic (British) loans of a bank expressed as a fraction of its total loan activity. We also study effective short …

Today’s regulatory rules, especially the easily-manipulated measures of regulatory capital, have led to costly bank … failures. We design a robust regulatory system such that (i) bank losses are credibly borne by the private sector (ii …) systemically important institutions cannot collapse suddenly; (iii) bank investment is counter-cyclical; and (iv) regulatory …

creating counter-cyclical incentives for banks to raise capital, and so encourage bank lending in bad times. They avoid the …

a model in which the venture capitalist can evaluate the entrepreneur’s project more accurately than the bank but can …

We conduct the first systematic evaluation of the world’s largest community-based development program--China’s flagship …

China’s economic reforms have resulted in spectacular growth and poverty reduction. However, China’s institutions look … ill-suited to achieve such a result, and they indeed suffer from serious shortcomings. To solve "China puzzle" this paper … analyses China’s institution - a regionally decentralized authoritarian system. The central government has control over …