This paper investigates the role of violent civil conflicts during the process of democratization for the quality of … different groups may engage in violent conflict in order to become the ruler predicts a crucial role of the democratization … scenario. A peaceful democratization leads to democracies with a high degree of civil liberties, reflecting a social contract …

We identify permanent democratic transitions during the Third Wave of Democratization and the nineties, when many … that democratization is more likely to emerge in affluent and especially educated societies. Economic development and …

regime change and not democratization. We identify and examine 90 successful, failed, and gradual transitions that have … occurred over the last half century. This new classification permits us to compare successful episodes of democratization with … that the growth dividend from political transition is a result of regime change and not democratization, and also offer new …

conditional on beliefs about property rights enforcement. Democratization is endogenous, but the features of democracies are shown … to be crucially related to the conditions under which democratization initially takes place. Democratic transitions …

probability of democratization by around 7 percentage points. We also find that rainfall does not affect transitions from …

This paper examines the relationship between differences in civil society development under communism and divergence in …