We propose estimating gender peer effects in school by exploiting within-school variation in gender composition across … birth cohorts. Our approach differs from the existing literature, which exploits variation in gender composition at a given … generally yields spurious gender peer effects when there is grade retention. The birth cohort approach applied to primary …

In 1984, the world was shocked at the scale of a famine in Ethiopia that caused over half a million deaths, making it … intensity is measured at the household level, while impacts are assessed using a difference-in-differences comparison across …, affected children who were aged of 12-36 months at the peak of the crisis are signicantly shorter than the older cohort, and …

continuities in household composition. In particular, households in the pre-industrial era were no more likely than present … resulted in a household composition which resembles that produced by early widowhood in the seventeenth century. Nor has the … to illustrate household types. The paper concludes by suggesting that a standard set of tables should be agreed upon and …

and purchased child care (e.g. childminders, nannies) for the care and rearing of children. The theoretical model implies …

household survey for 1984 in combination with data on public day care fees and spaces per child by community. We argue that the … the household. The joint out-of-home child care and labor supply decision is analyzed by logit-choice models. We find that …

Societies socialize children about sex. This is done in the presence of peer-group effects, which may encourage … undesirable behavior. Parents want the best for their children. Still, they weigh the marginal gains from socializing their … children against its costs. Churches and states may stigmatize sex, both because of a concern about the welfare of their flocks …

the average female avoids competitive behaviour more than the average male. This suggests that observed gender differences … might reflect social learning rather than inherent gender traits. …