, using rules and task guidelines, and ex post coordination, using communication and broad job assignments. It shows that: (i …This paper endogenizes coordination problems in organizations by allowing for both ex ante coordination of activities … coordination. In particular, specialization is often non-monotonic in the importance of coordination. (ii) Organizations exhibit …

, which must be adapted to a privately observed shock and coordinated with other tasks. Coordination requires that agents pay … leadership naturally arise as a response to organizational trade-offs between coordination and adaptation. At the optimum, all …. Surprisingly, improvements in communication technology may result in smaller but more adaptive organizations. …