individually-owned patents in the U.S., we exploit variation in capital gains tax rates as an instrument to identify the causal … reduces litigation risk, on average. The impact of trade on litigation is heterogeneous, however. Patents with larger …

venture capital (VC) financing. We argue that investors are faced with considerable uncertainty and therefore rely on patents … British biotechnology companies we have identified all patents filed at the European Patent Office (EPO). Applying hazard rate … attention to patent quality, financing those ventures faster which later turn out to have high-quality patents. Patent …

patents. The empirical analysis, which focuses on the patent systems of the USA, Japan, and Europe during the year 2003, leads …

duration of a country’s patents that are applied with national treatment. After describing the determination of national … policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, ‘why are patents longer in the North?’ We also study …

private economic value of patents. The estimated mean of our patent value distribution is higher than 3 million Euros, the …

&D) incentives. We examine the characteristics of litigated patents by combining, for the first time, information about patent case … random sample of US patents from the same cohorts and technology areas, we show that case filings are much more common in …

Patent holders may choose to protect innovations with single patents or to develop portfolios of multiple, related … number of related patents or investing in higher value of patents in the portfolio. We estimate the derived value equation … of inventions in a portfolio may reflect both genuine creation of value or stronger appropriability via patents. …