regime between airlines and whether airports can price discriminate: airline concentration reduces the landing fee when … joint ownership of airports? Does airline countervailing power stop airports raising fees? Should airports be prohibited, as … an EU directive intends, from charging differential prices to airlines? Our major findings are: (a) an increase in …

-one European airports over an eighteen-year period. We are able to extend the literature on the role of airports as an essential … main empirical results indicate that aeronautical charges are lower at airports when single-till regulation is employed …, when airports are privatized, and -- tentatively -- when ex-post price regulation is applied. Furthermore, hub airports …

. The assumption that airlines compete on price allows us to take advantage of the observational equivalence between …

-cat strategy. In other words, European airlines over-invest in capacities in order to be less aggressive. Moreover, we find that …

-reducing effort. Using a non-nested test and observations on the largest European airlines between 1985 and 1999, we show the …