We examine the importance of geographical proximity to coal as a factor underpinning comparative European economic …, alongside temporal variation in the availability of coal-powered technologies, to quantify the effect of coal availability on … historic city population sizes. Since we suspect that our coal measure could be endogenous, we use a geologically derived …

In February 2008, British Telecommunications (BT) introduced automatically renewing, or ‘rollover’, contracts into the … UK market for fixed-voice telephone service. These contracts included a 12-month Minimum Contract Period (MCP) with … dataset, we measure the impact of rollover contracts on BT customers’ decision to switch to another provider. We find that …

We develop and estimate a model of dynamic interactions in which commitment is limited and contracts are incomplete to … each other through both formal contracts and informal agreements, that is, self-enforcing agreements specifying voluntary … to self-enforcement bind with positive probability and formal contracts are used to reduce this probability. …

information, so that the model also exhibits adverse selection. We characterize the optimal menu of contracts; while its detailed … contracts. We then apply our results to insurance, managerial incentive pay and corporate governance. …

complete contracts. We define the firm as being composed of its assets. We present a theory of costly contracts which …

to vertically integrate when firms on both segments negotiate optimal contracts. We argue that tougher competition …