In this paper, we examine how software vulnerabilities affect firms that license software and consumers that purchase … reduce potential vulnerabilities; (ii) a policy decision whether to announce vulnerabilities; and (iii) a price for the …

dataset on Russia where GDP experienced an 8 percent drop in 2009. The effect of the crisis had been very uneven among Russian … the crisis. The variation in the industrial structure allows creating an instrument for the change in income. After … that the average level of trust in Russia is 25%, this magnitude is substantial. We also find that post-crisis economic …

economic crisis. Evidence on the variety of discrimination implemented by governments, characteristics of the recent systemic … crisis, as well as on certain, often overlooked features of WTO obligations are used to support a conclusion that the WTO … rules altered at most the composition of crisis-era protectionism. As to the quantum of protectionism, it is unclear how WTO …

-financial firm and commercial bank before the crisis, but the picture was quite different for large commercial banks States and for … deleveraging during the crisis. These results show that excessive risk taking before the crisis was not easily detectable because …

crisis since mid-2007. We also find that there is some tendency of the yield movements to be larger when the demand for the …

relationship banks gather information on their borrowers, which allows them to provide loans for profitable firms during a crisis … firms in a crisis. Using detailed credit register information for Italian banks before and after the Lehman Brothers …' default, we are able to study how relationship and transaction-banks responded to the crisis and we test existing theories of …

the global financial crisis. This is due in part to the fact that many small economies continue to use hard exchange rate … hard fixers have been similar to those for inflation targeters during the Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath. …

are not stronger during the 2008-2009 crisis; if anything, the opposite is true. We then show that this weaker resilience …