Many high technology goods are based on standards that require access to several patents that are owned by different IP …

Professional standards vary across professions and also change over time. One profession which has remained … standards may nonetheless decline. This mechanism is captured in an oligopoly model, where the failure rate and the quality are …

Traditional analyses of standards in international trade identify standards as government regulations and investigate … the determination of technical standards. The composition of these groups is affected by technology and market conditions … harmonization ‘from the bottom’. If standards are public goods whose ideal value differs across economic activities and across …

(which are naturally subject to more regulations and standards), so the discrimination may have an 'escalating' feature, much …

Because standards and regulations respond to a society's demand for specific public goods, we expect them to be shaped … standards should be equal in different societies. This paper studies the interaction between standards and international trade …. It shows that although standards can be used to manipulate trade flows, there is no logical connection between standards …