This Paper examines the disincentive effects of perceived underpayment on individuals’ exerted effort and promotion. To … promotion, the difference between perceived and actual income has a smaller negative effect on the actual effort invested in …

profitability (productivity) of their team and of the promotion-seeking efforts of their employees. Our first main result clarifies … then examine the effect of the employees' productivity on their probability of promotion and on the extent of the resources … candidate for promotion) is less likely to be promoted and the conditions under which higher employee's productivity results in …

explained by the differing average characteristics of male and female academics and barriers to female promotion. Preliminary … to female promotion is revealed. …

the same rate as men, but receive smaller wage increases consequent upon promotion. These facts contradict the … conventional view that 'glass ceilings' limit the promotion of women. They are consistent with our new 'sticky floors' model of …

discretion which allows an immediate advancement of their cause and promotion discretion ("patronage") which allows a biasing of … the promotion decision in favour of the juniors from their group. We consider two possible goals of the principal …

-2009, we find a positive correlation between promotion and growth that is robustly stronger for connected provincial leaders … political selection process. Auxiliary evidence suggests that the documented promotion pattern does not distort the allocation …

may lead to women meeting tougher promotion standards than men. If employers expect women to do more household work than … men and by that exert less effort in the paid job, the more talented she must be to make promotion profitable. Moreover …