In this paper, we examine how software vulnerabilities affect firms that license software and consumers that purchase … software. In particular, we model three decisions of the firm: (i) an upfront investment in the quality of the software to … software. We also model two decisions of the consumer: (i) whether to purchase the software; and (ii) whether to apply a patch. …

Mexican exports to the US in 2001, this Paper estimates the likely costs of different RoO for final and intermediate goods … revealed preference criterion that estimated costs should be less than preference rates when utilization rates are …

effects across countries subjected to some set of PSRO and to compute estimates of the compliance costs associated with rules …

surveying Pakistani soccer-ball producers. We document six facts: (1) Mark-ups are more dispersed than costs; (2) Mark-ups and … costs increase with firm size; (3) The mark-up elasticity with respect to size exceeds the cost elasticity; (4) Costs …

The paper studies risk mitigation associated with capital regulation, in a context where banks may choose tail risk … assets. We show that this undermines the traditional result that higher capital reduces excess risk-taking driven by limited … liability. Moreover, higher capital may have an unintended e¤ect of enabling banks to take more tail risk without the fear of …

assess and price the risk of default. In order to analyse default risk in the macroeconomy, a simple general equilibrium … model with banks and financial intermediation is constructed in which default-risk can be priced. It is shown how the credit … spread can be attributed largely to the risk of default and how excess loan creation may emerge due different attitudes to …

to these scenarios affect the upside and downside risks embodied in the baseline real-time oil price forecast. Such risk …