conditional on beliefs about property rights enforcement. Democratization is endogenous, but the features of democracies are shown … to be crucially related to the conditions under which democratization initially takes place. Democratic transitions …

probability of democratization by around 7 percentage points. We also find that rainfall does not affect transitions from …

This paper investigates the role of violent civil conflicts during the process of democratization for the quality of … different groups may engage in violent conflict in order to become the ruler predicts a crucial role of the democratization … scenario. A peaceful democratization leads to democracies with a high degree of civil liberties, reflecting a social contract …

We identify permanent democratic transitions during the Third Wave of Democratization and the nineties, when many … that democratization is more likely to emerge in affluent and especially educated societies. Economic development and …

regime change and not democratization. We identify and examine 90 successful, failed, and gradual transitions that have … occurred over the last half century. This new classification permits us to compare successful episodes of democratization with … that the growth dividend from political transition is a result of regime change and not democratization, and also offer new …

educational investments and labour force participation based on matching regimes. …

inequality leads to more or less group participation. Using survey data from rural Tanzania we find that inequality at the … 'subjectively' defined. However, when we disaggregate groups by type of access rule, we find that inequality decreases participation … in open access groups when there are wide disparities at the bottom of the distribution, while it increases participation …

in wages and participation rates. Rather than resorting to moral hazard problems related to unobservable effort, like in … exacerbate lower female participation in the labour market. Hence, both effects lead to a gendered equilibrium with large gaps …

We analyze the determinants of participation (whether to study) and schooling (where and what to study) in a public … role for travel costs: they hardly affect the participation decisions, but have a strong impact on the schooling decisions …. In addition, high school background plays an important role in both the participation and schooling decisions. To …