. The use of the euro as a formal parallel currency in accession countries prior to EMU membership (or even prior to EU … accession and during the period following EU accession but prior to EMU membership. We conclude that from an economic point of … view, EMU membership should be as early as possible, preferably at the same time as EU membership. The prevailing …

conversion rates between the euro and the currencies of EMU members states. Current EU legislation, notably the Maastricht Treaty … prices of EMU member currencies against the euro. Unfortunately, most of these have potentially damaging side effects. One … approach, based on official Stage 2 offers of contingent euro forward contracts with value dates at the start of Stage 3 …

-run nominal rigidity in wages and prices, one would expect that under European Monetary Union (EMU) the loss of the exchange rate … strategically responsive monetary policy, floating is superior to EMU for all countries, and that even if the rest of the Community … proceeds with EMU, the UK is better off outside it. This latter conclusion is reinforced in the exercise on the more refined UK …

test of this proposition, and the outcome leaves the EU found wanting. The first section of this paper places EMU in the …