For individual countries, variable trade barriers can be used to reduce the volatility of domestic relative to world … on average in stabilizing domestic prices while increasing the volatility of the income transfers from terms-of-trade …

This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade … in agriculture. We use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the … quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agriculture The data set admits consideration of effective taxes and …

poor indicators of the trade restrictiveness and economic welfare losses associated with them, especially if a country …’s support estimates vary a lot across the product range. Certainly estimates of trade and welfare effects of price supports can … willingness to accept simple assumptions about elasticities, it is possible to generate indicators of the welfare and trade …

increasingly on price subsidies and trade restrictions. We outline the situation of CEE agriculture and describe current policies … and trade policies should be used to support CEE agriculture, citing the example of OECD nations, and in particular the …. Scarce government funds could be better used to support agriculture by providing partial loan guarantees, thus reducing …

The first generation of genetically modified crop varieties, currently most widespread in the maize and soybean sectors … reactions may lead to trade disputes, in which case the way this GMO issue is addressed in the WTO’s dispute settlement body …

Trade negotiators and policy advisors are keen to know the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments … to international trade and economic welfare. Nominal rates of assistance or producer support estimates are incomplete …-satisfactory indicators to examine the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments to reductions in agricultural trade and …

For decades, agricultural price and trade policies in Sub-Saharan Africa hampered farmers’ contributions to economic … agricultural development funding, together with on-going regional and global trade negotiations, have brought distortionary … economic welfare and trade? Economy-wide models are able to address that question, but they are not available for many poor …

Trade policy reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions that were harming agriculture in developing … countries, yet global trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. Those distortions … the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade on poverty and inequality globally and in various developing …