. When demand is linear, a small restriction on price only increases consumer surplus if the elasticity of demand exceeds the … elasticity of supply; with log-linear or constant-elasticity, demand consumers are always hurt by price controls. The results are … between the demand curve and the industry marginal-revenue curve. …

This paper provides evidence that learning about demand is an important driver of firms' dynamics. We present a simple … model with Bayesian learning in which firms are uncertain about their idiosyncratic demand parameter in each of the markets … their beliefs following a new demand shock, the younger they are. To test this learning mechanism, we make use of a specific …

-shock specification, we identify, using sign restrictions, two non-policy shocks, demand and supply, and two policy shocks, monetary and … fiscal. We obtain the following results. (ii) Both supply and demand shocks are important sources of fluctuations; supply … prevails for GDP, while demand prevails for employment and inflation. (ii) Policy matters: Both monetary and fiscal policy …

to the speculative demand for oil as well as shocks to the flow demand and flow supply. The forward-looking element of … find that this surge was caused by fluctuations in the flow demand for oil driven by the global business cycle. There is … evidence, however, that speculative demand shifts played an important role during earlier oil price shock episodes including …

We model the demand-pressure effect on prices when options cannot be perfectly hedged. The model shows that demand … option. Similarly, the demand pressure increases the price of any other option by an amount proportional to the covariance of … show that demand-pressure effects contribute to well-known option-pricing puzzles. Indeed, time-series tests show that …