institutional factors. We use the World Values Surveys to identify the relationship between intensity of religious beliefs and …

the answer may be no is that countries pursuing poor macroeconomic policies also have weak ‘institutions’, including … political institutions that do not constrain politicians and political elites, ineffective enforcement of property rights for … more ‘extractive’ institutions from their colonial past were more likely to experience high volatility and economic crises …

, the growth of New World, African and Asian trade after 1500 strengthened new segments of the commercial bourgeoisie and … enabled these groups to demand, obtain and sustain changes in institutions to protect their property rights. Furthermore, the … existing institutions placed some checks on the monarchy and particularly limited its control of overseas trading activities …

world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of …We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … institutions 'trumps' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have at best weak direct effects …

This paper opens with a discussion of the types of institutions that allow markets to perform adequately. While we can … identify in broad terms what these are, there is no unique mapping between markets and the non-market institutions that … institutions. A range of evidence indicates that participatory democracies enable higher-quality growth. …

explain diverging development paths within the former colonial world. …