) encompasses both diversity and polarization, and (ii) accounts for the distance between languages. Our results suggest that …

authors, this may lead to a form of cultural domination, in particular of English, on other languages. All these papers ignore … translations from other languages, including Scandinavian ones and French. …

We consider a linguistically diversified society that has to select a set of official languages. We examine the notion … of language disenfranchisement that is created when one or more languages fail to be included in the list of the official … proximity between languages. To develop a more refined disenfranchisement index, we utilize the Dyen percentage cognate distance …

EU languages has grown from 11 to 20. Currently, the EU extends equal treatment to all member countries’ official … languages by providing translations for documents and interpreting services for meetings and sessions of the European Parliament …. This, however, is costly, especially when recognizing that many Europeans speak one of the procedural languages of the EU …

large number of official languages (currently 23) hinders communication and imposes substantial financial and legal costs … official languages in the EU. Using the results of a 2005 Eurobarometer survey of languages in the EU 27, we first derive the … sets of languages that minimize aggregate linguistic disenfranchisement of the Union’s citizens for any given number of …

communicative benefits and learning costs. We consider a model with languages that serve as imperfect substitutes and show that … linguistic equilibrium. We then derive a demand function for foreign languages that we estimate for English, French, German and …