Two stylized representations are often found in the academic and policy literature on informality and formality in …

A stylized prediction of the development economics discourse is that informality will disappear with development. And … yet in the last twenty years conventional measures of informality, far from declining, have either remained stagnant or … have actually increased. What exactly is informality and what are its magnitudes and trends? What are the causes of …

equal pensions for all but different contributions which may or may not increase with the number of children. Additionally … case, pensions are decreasing in the number of children: in the latter case, they are increasing. …

constructed for revenue and expenditure. They show that the rising number of social benefit earners (pensions, unemployment) is …

United Kingdom and the rest of Europe. How governments respond to shifts in saving and in the burden of state pensions is …

might be direct gainers, and which losers, from a transition to funded state pensions. We estimate what the structure of …

these developments, policyholders desire pensions tailored to their individual needs. This paper proposes a new type of … risk-sharing functions of pensions, PPRs allow risk management and (dis)saving to be customized to the specific features of … illiquid capital, complementing public retirement provision, reducing the interest-rate sensitivity of pensions and smoothing …