There is controversy about whether geography matters mainly because of its contemporaneous impact on economic outcomes … effect on income. However, in Africa rugged terrain afforded protection to those being raided by slave traders. Since the … slave trade retarded subsequent economic development, in Africa ruggedness also has had a historical indirect positive …

the causes and effects of long-term changes in the health of the European populations. The paper surveys methods which had …

Were cash benefits and welfare services available to the unemployed sufficient to protect them from ill-health? Recent …, confidential reports of the Ministry of Health and Board of Education, to point out that expert witnesses were increasingly …

ameliorated the deterioration of health in young children caused by a severe drought. Correcting for self-selection into the … for children, providing large and significant health gains for children whose families suffered from drought. …Despite the popularity of school meals, little evidence exists on their effect on health outcomes. This study uses …

We estimate the effect of international trade on average labour productivity across countries. Our empirical approach … empirical grounds. In contrast to the marginally significant and non-robust effects of trade on productivity found previously … productivity. Our finding is that trade works through labour efficiency, while institutional quality works through physical and …

Productivity growth in the United States was considerably faster during 2000-03 than in the boom years of 1995 …-2000. This ebullient productivity performance raises numerous questions about its interpretation and its implications for the … justified on the basis of data through the end of 1999 in their claim that part of the post-1995 productivity growth revival …

, Satyanath, and Sergenti (2004) in using rainfall as an exogenous source of economic shocks in Sub-Saharan African countries. The … main difference is that my empirical specifications take into account that rainfall shocks are transitory. Failure to do so …