and use the invention. The possibility of contracting affects the need for patent protection. Our results reveal that: (i …

-2000. Finally, we analyze how fragmentation affects total settlement delay, taking into account both reduction in duration per …

Using new data on citations to university patents and scientific publications, and measures of distance based on Google … maps, we study how geography affects university knowledge diffusion. We show that knowledge flows from patents are … is larger for patents from public, as compared to private, universities and this is partly explained by the local …

instruments. Moreover, the effect is entirely driven by invalidation of patents owned by large patentees that triggers entry of … small innovators, suggesting that patents may impede the ‘democratization’ of innovation. …

In this paper we abandon the usual assumption that patents bring known benefits to the industry or that their benefits … quality of patents leads to a variety of distortions, in particular the incentives of firms to 'pad' by contributing weak … patents. Three main results that emerge from the analysis are that: (i) the threat of court disputes reduces incentives to pad …

&D) incentives. We examine the characteristics of litigated patents by combining, for the first time, information about patent case … random sample of US patents from the same cohorts and technology areas, we show that case filings are much more common in …

Patent holders may choose to protect innovations with single patents or to develop portfolios of multiple, related … number of related patents or investing in higher value of patents in the portfolio. We estimate the derived value equation … of inventions in a portfolio may reflect both genuine creation of value or stronger appropriability via patents. …