have placed an emphasis on the importance of trade with New World colonies, and the expanded supply of raw cotton it … trade with the rest of the world, not the American colonies, that allowed Britain to export its rapidly expanding textile … output and achieve growth through extreme specialization in response to shifting comparative advantage. …

barriers to trade. But a backlash against this view now suggests that trade policies have little or no impact on growth. If …According to the Washington Consensus, developing countries’ growth would benefit from a reduction in tariffs and other …" (Easterly 2005, Rodrik 2006). However, the empirical basis for judging recent trade reforms is weak. Econometrics are mostly ad …

Many papers have explored the relationship between average tariff rates and economic growth, when theory suggests that … the structure of protection is what should matter. We therefore explore the relationship between economic growth and … 1913. Industrial tariffs were positively correlated with growth. Agricultural tariffs were negatively correlated with …

towards investment in education and growth in output per capita, a significant portion of the gains from trade in non …This research argues that the rapid expansion of international trade in the second phase of the industrial revolution … countries in the last two centuries. The analysis suggests that international trade had an asymmetrical effect on the evolution …

sustained differences in population growth and income levels across countries. In industrial economies international trade …This research argues that international trade has played a significant role in the timing of demographic transitions … enhanced the specialization in the production of skilled-intensive goods and stimulated technological progress. The rise in the …

gains from trade have been directed towards investment in education and growth in income per capita, whereas a significant …This research argues that the differential effect of international trade on the demand for human capital across … portion of these gains in less developed economies have been channelled towards population growth. Cross-country regressions …

colonization mattered for growth. The following had some beneficial growth effects: being a dependency rather than a colony; being …, growth accelerates after independence. Variables proxying for colonial heritage add explanatory power to standard growth …