that features some well-defined sub-global clusters, where the second globalization period does not, the first … separate periods, those of the first globalization wave (1870 to 1914), the period of the “bloc economy” (1915 to 1959) and for … the period of the second globalization (1960-2001). Cluster analysis is applied and the McNemar test is used to test for …

innovation policy in the context of EU economic law (competition policy, intellectual property law, sector regulation). As such … law that moves beyond apparent conflicts and assumes innovation as the starting point. Taking this as the foundation, the … analytical grid to be used to identify ways in which economic law impacts innovation, and second an applied component that …

treatments. The TRIPS Agreement, which specifies minimum levels of intellectual property protection for countries in the World … Trade Organization, has increased levels of patent protection around the world. Since patents also have the potential to …

the hypothesis that innovation in pharmaceuticals is becoming more difficult and expensive over time, as costs of …This paper quantifies the relationship between market size and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. We estimate … the elasticity of innovation, as measured by the number of new chemical entities appearing on the market for a given …

This Paper studies the size and number of industrial clusters that will arise in a multi-country world in which …, because of increasing returns to scale, one sector has a propensity to cluster. It compares the equilibrium with the world … welfare maximum, showing that the equilibrium will generally have clusters that are too small, while there are possibly too …

significant are modest and geographically very limited. The gains from clusters are also quite well internalized by firms in their …

, innovation etc.). However, little is known about the capacity of firms in clusters to resist economic shocks. In this paper, we …Clusters have already been extensively shown to favor firm-level economic performance (productivity, exports … analyze whether firms that agglomerate in clusters and firms that have been selected to benefit from the "competitiveness …