the changing relationships between workers, trade unions, employers and the state. The first half of the paper examines … that relationships between workers and employers were shaped less by informal groups or spontaneous social and economical …, employers' associations and the state; and by the rules and procedures governing their interaction such as collective agreements …

This Paper presents a test of the educational signalling hypothesis. If employers use education as a signal in the … hiring process, they will rely more on education when less is otherwise known about applicants. We find that employers are … more likely to lower educational standards when an informal, more informative recruitment channel is used, so we conclude …