undesirable behavior. Parents want the best for their children. Still, they weigh the marginal gains from socializing their …Societies socialize children about sex. This is done in the presence of peer-group effects, which may encourage … children against its costs. Churches and states may stigmatize sex, both because of a concern about the welfare of their flocks …

Many countries are currently expanding access to child care for young children. But are all children equally likely to … (children’s age, birth weight and socio-economic background), but less so with respect to unobserved determinants of selection …

costs of children and do not rise proportionally with family size. In addition, forgone earnings are sensitive to the …The opportunity costs of rearing British children, in terms of cash earnings forgone by their mother, are estimated for … a typical family. Data from the 1980 Women and Employment Survey provide estimates for hourly pay as a function of work …

parents and the well-being of children in single-parent households. Noncustodial parents choose the level of a child support … welfare reforms might have on divorced parents and their children. Such adverse effects may arise because an increase in the … inefficiencies of divorced parents' decisions: that is, such an increase further depresses child support transfers from noncustodial …

child care provision. The earnings forgone over a lifetime by a woman bearing children (compared with the earnings of her … there is also more out-of-home provision for children of and below school age. The effect on mothers' lifetime earnings of …

parenthood varies with a number of characteristics of a woman and her family. In particular, we find that lone mothers with a job … are likely to remain lone parents longer, as are women who worked in a manual job before becoming a mother. In contrast …

educational achievements of individuals, as well as many aspects of family background, including birth order, number of sisters … higher number of siblings has a negative effect in general, holding birth order constant, except when parents belong to the … highest occupational groups; in other words, it is good to have many brothers and sisters if one's parents are well-to-do (the …