This Paper introduces optimal competition: the best form of competition in an industry that a competition authority can … competition outcome in an industry becomes more competitive as more money is spent in the industry, as the competition authority … puts less weight on producer surplus and more weight on employment. The relation between competition and entry costs is U …

television regulation in light of these developments. It surveys the dismal empirical record on the effects of price regulation … in cable and the more encouraging but incomplete evidence on the benefits of satellite and telco competition. It …

Many utility markets are now being opened to competition, and some regulators have expressed the hope that this will … make the regulation of consumer prices unnecessary. In this paper, entrants offer (differentiated) 'added value', but … level of its costs. This is likely to be the case in the UK's energy industries, but competition may be able to replace …