social reputation or self-respect. The presence of rewards or punishments creates doubt as to the true motive for which good … extrinsic incentives. The model also allows us to identify settings that are conducive to multiple social norms of behaviour … sponsors, including the level and confidentiality or publicity of incentives. Sponsor competition may cause rewards to bid down …

offering payments or rewards, delegating a task, or giving encouragement. We show that extrinsic rewards may have hidden costs … - as stressed by psychologists - in that they undermine intrinsic motivation. As a result, they may be only weak … motivation, while offers of help may create a dependence. More generally, we identify when the hidden costs of rewards are a myth …

the agent's motivation to perform well. Before the agent chooses his performance, the principal in our experiment decides …

effort. Self-confidence thus enhances motivation, and this gives a time--inconsistent individual a strong incentive to build …