routinized phase where innovation takes place within top-performing incumbents; (3) a second entrepreneurial phase characterized … routinization, in which no further innovation takes place, but is instead a phase of structural change. Using data on 74 West German …

In this Paper we focus on the different historical regime experiences of the core and the periphery. Using conventional … develop this intuition by showing that before 1914, advanced countries adhered to gold while periphery countries either … resort to capital controls. Thus the key distinction between the exchange rate regime of core and periphery countries both …

Most countries in the periphery specialized in the export of just a handful of primary products for most of their … change. Additionally, both effects were asymmetric between Core and Periphery, findings that speak directly to the terms of …

When the 1987 general elections brought a durable government to Portugal, the national environment was still …

, economies of scale, and have been heavily protected from international competition in Portugal and Spain. The `costs of non …

economic agents, competition policies are usually included in the legal framework that regulates economic activities. Portugal …

detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. We use exchange-rate movements as a source of variation in export …

two "integration episodes", the development of an economic union between Portugal and its African colonies and the … establishment of democratic socialism since then. The paper contrasts the recent economic experience of Portugal with its neighbour … Spain. The view that EC membership is desirable because it ensures Portugal against dictatorship is also examined and …