The relation between IMF conditionality and country ownership of assistance programs is considered from a political … economy perspective, focusing on the question of why conditionality is needed if it is in a country’s best interests to … conditionality and ownership. The Paper stresses a conflict between a reformist government and domestic interest groups that oppose …

This paper offers a theory of conditionality lending in 19th-century international capital markets. We argue that … conditionality loans and monitor countries’ financial policies also enabled them to deal with solvency. We find that, compared with …

We construct a model of revolution and transition to democracy under an individualistic and a collectivist culture. The … culture are more likely to end up adopting democracy faster than countries with a collectivist culture. Our instrumental … democracy, even after controlling for other determinants of democracy emphasized in the literature. We also give evidence that …

This paper investigates the endogenous emergence of democracy and rule of law in an economy where heterogeneous … conditional on beliefs about property rights enforcement. Democratization is endogenous, but the features of democracies are shown … to be crucially related to the conditions under which democratization initially takes place. Democratic transitions …

democracy during the following two years by around 3 percentage points. A 5% fall in income due to low rainfall raises the … probability of democratization by around 7 percentage points. We also find that rainfall does not affect transitions from … democracy to autocracy. …

This paper investigates the role of violent civil conflicts during the process of democratization for the quality of … different groups may engage in violent conflict in order to become the ruler predicts a crucial role of the democratization … scenario. A peaceful democratization leads to democracies with a high degree of civil liberties, reflecting a social contract …