environmental regulations can spur more rapid innovation. I present a general framework for the analysis of these questions. I …

sectors (inter-sectoral spillovers), or at the international level. We find that innovation is strongly driven by knowledge … spillovers, especially those occurring at the national level. Wind and solar technologies exhibit distinct innovation … only influential in the case of wind technology. We also find evidence that public R&D stimulates innovation, particularly …

more important for small-firm innovation than for their larger counterparts. …

We construct an endogenous growth model of directed technical change with automation (the introduction of machines … which replace low-skill labor and complement high-skill labor) and horizontal innovation (the introduction of new products … are low, which induces little automation, such that income inequality and labor's share of GDP are constant. Second, as …