European Union countries have implemented widespread reforms to product markets in order to stimulate competition … (SMP) were associated with increased product market competition, as measured by a reduction in average profitability, and …

in the industry's productivity. Second, increased competition, due to the expansion of minimills, drove a substantial …

. Third, the effect of platform competition on search diversion incentives depends on the nature of competition. Competition … for advertising leads to more search diversion relative to competition for consumers. Both types of competition lead to at …

product market competition. This leads to more effective weeding out of the existing high-cost firms in the market. In this …

situation, some percentiles fall more than others, which leads to asymmetric consumer welfare gains from increased competition …, the weighted average price paid by consumers - the consumer surplus - always (weakly) decreases with increased competition …. We provide an empirical strategy to identify how the response of prices to increased competition varies along the price …