This paper documents industrial output and labor productivity growth around the poor periphery 1870-1975 (Latin America … that accelerated even more up to 1950-1975. What explains the spread of the industrial revolution world-wide and this … catching up? Productivity growth certainly made their industries more competitive in home and foreign markets, but other forces …

catching up to the (world) efficiency standard given by foreign-owned firms; and the distance of the Russian firms to the … implementations of the Washington Consensus policies have thus not enabled domestic firms to start catching up to the world standard …

Protectionism enjoys surprising popular support, in spite of deadweight losses. At the same time, trade barriers appear … endogenously acquires more information about his sector of employment. As a result, voters support protectionism, because they …

rules altered at most the composition of crisis-era protectionism. As to the quantum of protectionism, it is unclear how WTO … during systemic economic crises. Realistically, the fate of the open world trading system must rely on other incentives to … refrain from protectionism. …

This paper addresses several questions of concern to economies excluded from the world's two major trading blocs <196 …-reducing for economies not included? Many would answer `yes', and some cite the increasing regionalization of world trade to … support that view. We suggest that this conclusion is probably unwarranted. It is true that the share of world trade that is …

This paper appraises the arguments that the creation of the EC has increased world protectionism <MI>relative to what …

Drawing upon a comprehensive database of contemporary protectionism, this paper offers an initial assessment of the … extent to which our understanding of protectionism may have to evolve. While some long-standing features of protectionism …