Spain's financial position during the late 19th and early 20th century has usually been presented as one of persistent …

The high level of trade and financial integration reached by Europe both today and under the late 19th century gold … draw a fresh picture of the European gold standard, and use it to derive a number of useful implications. The paper’s basic … finding is that the stability of the European gold standard depended on the stance of the common monetary policy. Under the …

difference, international trade, remittances, and a heterogeneous workforce. We compare welfare under the observed levels of … flows -- such as Jamaica or El Salvador -- are also better off due to migration, but for a different reason: remittances … about 10% in countries with large incoming remittances. Our results are robust to accounting for imperfect transferability …

Between 1850 and 2000, Spain’s real income increased by about 40-fold, at an average rate of 2.5 percent. The sources … European Union Spain has experienced a dramatic productivity slowdown. …

this paper for the particular case of Spain, a fast growing country in the second half of the twentieth century. It is …