positive wage effect of about the same size. Smoking and drinking do not affect the wages of females. …

This paper investigates gender differences in smoking behaviour using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP … part attributable to differences in coefficients. Our results reveal that the major part of the gender smoking differential … is attributable to differences in coefficients indicating substantial differences in the smoking behaviour between men …

findings suggest lower ability bias in within-twin pair regressions than pooled regressions. Third, using data on twins smoking … we show smoking reflects family background and using it as an instrument exacerbates ability bias. …

focus on the effects of antenatal parental smoking and maternal labor supply net of other maternal behavior and child … characteristics. We find that maternal smoking during pregnancy reduces birth weight and fetal growth, while paternal smoking has …