Professional standards vary across professions and also change over time. One profession which has remained … standards may nonetheless decline. This mechanism is captured in an oligopoly model, where the failure rate and the quality are …

potential suppliers generate and sell the most suitable innovation. Moreover, procurement by public agencies and large firms … the degree of competition between suppliers, as well as other more practical indirect ways to stimulate innovation. We … discuss the effects of standard setting activities by large, often public, procurers on innovation races. We evaluate how …

sectors (inter-sectoral spillovers), or at the international level. We find that innovation is strongly driven by knowledge … spillovers, especially those occurring at the national level. Wind and solar technologies exhibit distinct innovation … only influential in the case of wind technology. We also find evidence that public R&D stimulates innovation, particularly …

more important for small-firm innovation than for their larger counterparts. …

environmental regulations can spur more rapid innovation. I present a general framework for the analysis of these questions. I …

quickly. Also, the approval delay is likely to decrease as an industry moves from the early stages of an innovation cycle to …

Traditional analyses of standards in international trade identify standards as government regulations and investigate … the determination of technical standards. The composition of these groups is affected by technology and market conditions … harmonization ‘from the bottom’. If standards are public goods whose ideal value differs across economic activities and across …

(which are naturally subject to more regulations and standards), so the discrimination may have an 'escalating' feature, much …