-country dynamic Ricardian model with endogenous innovation and hold-up problems, the value chain consists of two activities …, innovation and production. Entry in the market happens through R&D and entrants face two decisions. The 'location decision … perform innovation and production within the same vertically integrated structure or not. In this framework, the quality of …

potential suppliers generate and sell the most suitable innovation. Moreover, procurement by public agencies and large firms … the degree of competition between suppliers, as well as other more practical indirect ways to stimulate innovation. We … discuss the effects of standard setting activities by large, often public, procurers on innovation races. We evaluate how …

observed price patterns. The high volatility results from high uncertainty about the average productivity of a new technology …. Investors learn about this productivity before deciding whether to adopt the technology on a large scale. For technologies that … railroad technology by the late 1850s. …

, controlling for a patent's position in the new technology cycle, more important innovations would (and should) be approved more … quickly. Also, the approval delay is likely to decrease as an industry moves from the early stages of an innovation cycle to …

Social Security programmes around the world link public pensions to retirement: people do not lose their pensions if … consistent with it. The main idea is that pensions are a means to induce retirement, that is, to buy the elderly out of the …

-as-you-go mechanism for public retirement pensions, when adopted in a dualistic economic system, penalises the most dynamic demographic … show that the Italian case study, which compares the contributions/retirement pensions ratio of the poorer but more rapidly …