future of innovation? First-rate inventions in the 1990s, notably the web and user-friendly business productivity software … markets that welcome innovation, while Europe remains under the control of corporatist institutions that dampen competition …

of R&D that firms do and the amount of spillover they generate; between information sharing and research coordination …; between each of the latter and cooperation; between substitute and complementary research paths; between firms located in the … cooperation (different industries, complementary research, research design) while cooperation need not induce information sharing …

international competitiveness - to a lack of innovative activity. In Germany the Innovationskrise (innovation crisis) combines with … for the 1990s. This paper documents the extent of this economic dilemma confronting Germany as well as the rest of Western …

do not, in the case of indirect network effects, make standardization more likely, but (ii) indirect network effects are … associated with excessive standardization. We show in Clements’ framework that neither of these results are correct …: standardization is more likely as the number of software firms increases and when the type of market equilibrium is unique— there are …

law matures. Contract standardization avoids this cost, statically improving enforcement; but it crowds out innovative …

standardization, that is, left alone the market may fail to achieve standardization when it is socially desirable and (2) even if the …