Evaluations of new infrastructure in developing countries typically focus on direct effects, such as the impact of an … electrifification program on household energy use. But if new infrastructure induces people to move into an area, other local publicly … provided goods may become congested, offsetting the benefit of the infrastructure. We use a simple model to show how to measure …

simultaneously accounts for the real network infrastructure, a distance cost (fuel, repair, tolls), and a time opportunity cost …

public deficit, while in the second they are used in cost-reducing public investment in infrastructure. In the latter case …

and policy environment. We hypothesise that more developed transportation and communication infrastructure and lower … dispersion varies positively with the regional density of highway, railroad and telephone infrastructure, but negatively with …

. These countries compete in two instruments, taxation and institutional infrastructure. It follows that an IBC can be a tax … institutional infrastructure, whereas it chooses to be a tax haven when it cannot be competitive in institutional infrastructure …