Two stylized representations are often found in the academic and policy literature on informality and formality in … the formal sector comes under the purview of state regulation. The basic contention of this paper is that these two …

important channel through which informality can affect productivity: access to credit and external finance. Informality is … and in country fixed effects estimates. In particular, the link between credit and formality is stronger in high-formality …

A stylized prediction of the development economics discourse is that informality will disappear with development. And … yet in the last twenty years conventional measures of informality, far from declining, have either remained stagnant or … have actually increased. What exactly is informality and what are its magnitudes and trends? What are the causes of …

We investigate how vertical unity within a community interacts with horizontal class divisions of an unequal income … distribution. Community is conceptualized in terms of a public good to which all those in the community have equal access, but from … communities. Ideologies of community solidarity may well trump those of class solidarity because of the implicit sharing of …

part of the paper’s motivating evidence we also uncover a new fact: in both international and cross-state U.S. data, there …