Business support policies designed to raise productivity and employment are common worldwide, but rigorous micro …

westwards are to be avoided, there must be convergence in productivity levels. This paper analyses possible convergence paths …

to account for in existing models of industrialization. By construction, closed-economy models that stress the role of … the ratio of agricultural to manufacturing productivity and shares of manufacturing in GDP. This paper provides a …

-industrial economies. The hump-shaped relationship between industrialization (measured by employment or output shares) and incomes has … shifted downwards and moved closer to the origin. This means countries are running out of industrialization opportunities …

agricultural productivity gains from collectivization, the government switched to an accelerated and infeasible timetable for … industrialization. Consequently, it diverted massive amounts of agricultural resources to industry and imposed excessive grain … procurement burdens on peasants, leaving them with insufficient food to sustain labour productivity. Grain output fell sharply at …

phase, aristocratic political systems prevail, while democracies tend to emerge with industrialization. At the same time the …