-shock specification, we identify, using sign restrictions, two non-policy shocks, demand and supply, and two policy shocks, monetary and … fiscal. We obtain the following results. (ii) Both supply and demand shocks are important sources of fluctuations; supply …

to the speculative demand for oil as well as shocks to the flow demand and flow supply. The forward-looking element of … an estimate of this elasticity based on shifts of the supply curve along the demand curve. We show that, even after …

do not occur ceteris paribus. This makes it necessary to explicitly account for the demand and supply shocks underlying …

. We take an implementation-theoretic approach and provide theoretical, empirical and experimental analyses of this problem …

implementation in the EU are determined. We find that (1) implemented budgetary adjustment falls systematically short of planned … by the implementation errors, (3) there is a limited role for "traditional" political variables, (4) stock … their implementation benefit from stronger national fiscal institutions. We emphasise also the importance of credible plans …

describes the strengths and weaknesses of Spain’s recent long growth cycle, the real and financial imbalances accumulated … pressure, partly initiated by unjustified catastrophic expectations about Spain, provides an opportunity for accelerating the …

-market allocation of resources and allowed Spain to accelerating growth and catching up with Western Europe. Without the 1959 Plan, per …

employment. We pay special attention to Spain, a country that has experienced a high persistent unemployment rate, and show that …

Between 1850 and 2000, Spain’s real income increased by about 40-fold, at an average rate of 2.5 percent. The sources … European Union Spain has experienced a dramatic productivity slowdown. …