a flexible teacher effort-choice model. Both the model and parameter estimates are necessary components in our …

This paper documents a new empirical regularity: teacher value-added increases within-teacher when accountability … incentives are strengthened. That finding motivates a strategy to separate value-added into incentive-varying teacher effort and … incentive-invariant teacher ability, combining rich longitudinal data with exogenous incentive-policy variation. Our estimates …

distortions, with teacher reallocations playing a secondary role …