impact due to output-oriented altruism. We also find significant gender-related differences in the treatment effect: women …

I critically review recent studies that estimate those costs of violence and conflict that can emerge among organized … of organized conflict and violence are aggregated. …

We construct a model of conflict and trade to study the consequences of interstate disputes over contested resources … comparative advantage in the absence of conflict. And, where such conflict is present, comparisons of autarkic prices to world …

static contest model, in which two sides choose levels of arming and whether to engage in actual conflict or settle in the … shadow of conflict. We show how arming critically depends on both governance and norms, and therefore how societies with …

conflict, we find that income levels unambiguously increase the chance of peace. Among other issues, we discuss the critical …

In many instances of potential violent or non-violent conflict the future strategic positions of adversaries are very … different when there is open conflict than when there is settlement. In such environments we show that, as the future becomes … more important, open conflict becomes more likely than settlement. We demonstrate the theoretical robustness of this …