economic institutions and quantitative measures of tertiary education cannot. Under the growth model estimates and plausible … evidence on which education policy reforms may be able to bring about the simulated improvements in educational outcomes. …

The interaction between investment in children’s education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the … significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The … causal effect of education is identified through exogenous variation in enrollment rates due to differences in landownership …