This paper reviews empirical evidence, especially from Europe, on how education and training policies can be designed … education and schools over vocational and higher education to training and lifelong learning. The available evidence suggests … deliver best results. Designed this way, education and training systems can advance efficiency and equity at the same time. …

The interaction between investment in children’s education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the … significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The … causal effect of education is identified through exogenous variation in enrollment rates due to differences in landownership …